Binford, L. R. Constructing Frames of Reference: An Analytical Method for Archaeological Theory Building Using Hunter-Gatherer and Environmental Data Sets (Univ. of California Press, 2001).
Kelly, R. L. The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers: The Foraging Spectrum (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013).
Tallavaara, M., Eronen, J. T. & Luoto, M. Productivity, biodiversity, and pathogens influence the global hunter-gatherer population density. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 1232–1237 (2018).
Eriksson, A. et al. Late Pleistocene climate change and the global expansion of anatomically modern humans. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 16089–16094 (2012).
Gurven, M. D. & Davison, R. J. Periodic catastrophes over human evolutionary history are necessary to explain the forager population paradox. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902406116 (2019).
Tallavaara, M., Luoto, M., Korhonen, N., Järvinen, H. & Seppä, H. Human population dynamics in Europe over the Last Glacial Maximum. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 8232–8237 (2015).
Bradshaw, C. J. A. et al. Minimum founding populations for the first peopling of Sahul. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 3, 1057–1063 (2019).
Kavanagh, P. H. et al. Hindcasting global population densities reveals forces enabling the origin of agriculture. Nat. Hum. Behav. 2, 478–484 (2018).
Porter, C. C. & Marlowe, F. W. How marginal are forager habitats? J. Archaeol. Sci. 34, 59–68 (2007).
Reyes-García, V. & Pyhälä, A. Hunter-Gatherers in a Changing World (Springer International Publishing, 2017).
Lee, R. B. & Daly, R. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1999).
Kitanishi, K. Seasonal changes in the subsistence activities and food intake of the Aka hunter-gatherers in northeastern Congo. Afr. Study Monogr. 16, 73–118 (1995).
Timmermann, A. & Friedrich, T. Late Pleistocene climate drivers of early human migration. Nature 538, 92–95 (2016).
Keeley, L. H. Hunter-gatherer economic complexity and ‘population pressure’: a cross-cultural analysis. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 7, 373–411 (1988).
Fisher, J. B., Huntzinger, D. N., Schwalm, C. R. & Sitch, S. Modeling the terrestrial biosphere. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 39, 91–123 (2014).
Pachzelt, A., Forrest, M., Rammig, A., Higgins, S. I. & Hickler, T. Potential impact of large ungulate grazers on African vegetation, carbon storage and fire regimes. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 24, 991–1002 (2015).
Zhu, D. et al. The large mean body size of mammalian herbivores explains the productivity paradox during the Last Glacial Maximum. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 640–649 (2018).
Dyble, M., Thorley, J., Page, A. E., Smith, D. & Migliano, A. B. Engagement in agricultural work is associated with reduced leisure time among Agta hunter-gatherers. Nat. Hum. Behav. 3, 792–796 (2019).
Hill, K., Kaplan, H., Hawkes, K. & Hurtado, A. M. Men’s time allocation to subsistence work among the Ache of eastern Paraguay. Hum. Ecol. 13, 29–47 (1985).
Hill, K., Hawkes, K., Hurtado, M. & Kaplan, H. Seasonal variance in the diet of Ache hunter-gatherers in eastern Paraguay. Hum. Ecol. 12, 101–135 (1984).
Marlowe, F. W. et al. Honey, Hadza, hunter-gatherers, and human evolution. J. Hum. Evol. 71, 119–128 (2014).
Cordain, L. et al. Plant–animal subsistence ratios and macronutrient energy estimations in worldwide hunter-gatherer diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71, 682–692 (2000).
Gurven, M. & Kaplan, H. Longevity among hunter-gatherers: a cross-cultural examination. Popul. Dev. Rev. 33, 321–365 (2007).
Klein Goldewijk, K., Beusen, A. & Janssen, P. Long-term dynamic modeling of global population and built-up area in a spatially explicit way: HYDE 3.1. Holocene 20, 565–573 (2010).
Marlowe, F. W. Hunter-gatherers and human evolution. Evol. Anthropol. 14, 54–67 (2005).
Burger, J. R. & Fristoe, T. S. Hunter-gatherer populations inform modern ecology. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 1137–1139 (2018).
Hurtado, A. M. & Hill, K. R. Seasonality in a foraging society: variation in diet, work effort, fertility, and sexual division of labor among the Hiwi of Venezuela. J. Anthropol. Res. 46, 293–346 (1990).
Wilmsen, E. N. Studies in diet, nutrition, and fertility among a group of Kalahari Bushmen in Botswana. Soc. Sci. Inf. 21, 95–125 (1982).
Lee, R. B. in Man the Hunter (eds. Lee, R. B. & DeVore, I.) 30–48 (Aldine de Gruyter, 1968).
Hamilton, M. J., Milne, B. T., Walker, R. S. & Brown, J. H. Nonlinear scaling of space use in human hunter-gatherers. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 4765–4769 (2007).
Messer, E. Anthropological perspectives on diet. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 13, 205–249 (1984).
Testart, A. et al. The significance of food storage among hunter-gatherers: residence patterns, population densities, and social Inequalities [and Comments and Reply]. Curr. Anthropol. 23, 523–537 (1982).
Winterhalder, B. Diet choice, risk, and food sharing in a stochastic environment. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 5, 369–392 (1986).
Kelly, R. L., Pelton, S. R. & Robinson, E. in Towards a Broader View of Hunter-Gatherer Sharing (eds Lavi, N. & Friesem, D. E.) Ch. 10 (McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2019).
Joannes-Boyau, R. et al. Elemental signatures of Australopithecus africanus teeth reveal seasonal dietary stress. Nature 572, 112–115 (2019).
Smits, S. A. et al. Seasonal cycling in the gut microbiome of the Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania. Science 357, 802–806 (2017).
Barnosky, A. D. Assessing the causes of Late Pleistocene extinctions on the continents. Science 306, 70–75 (2004).
Henrich, J. Demography and cultural evolution: how adaptive cultural processes can produce maladaptive losses—the Tasmanian case. Am. Antiq. 69, 197–214 (2004).
Powell, A., Shennan, S. & Thomas, M. G. Late Pleistocene demography and the appearance of modern human behavior. Science 324, 1298–1301 (2009).
D’Alpoim Guedes, J. A., Crabtree, S. A., Bocinsky, R. K. & Kohler, T. A. Twenty-first century approaches to ancient problems: climate and society. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, 14483–14491 (2016).
Cegielski, W. H. & Rogers, J. D. Rethinking the role of Agent-based modeling in archaeology. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 41, 283–298 (2016).
Axtell, R. L. et al. Population growth and collapse in a multiagent model of the Kayenta Anasazi in long house valley. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 7275–7279 (2002).
Hayden, B. Research and development in the stone age: technological transitions among hunter-gatherers. Curr. Anthropol. 22, 519–548 (1981).
Itkonen, T. I. Suomen Lappalaiset Vuoteen 1945. Ensimmäinen Osa (WSOY, 1848).
Kirby, K. R. et al. D-PLACE: a global database of cultural, linguistic and environmental diversity. PLoS ONE 11, e0158391 (2016).
MODIS NPP (MOD17A3) (NTSG, accessed 12 March 2015); http://files.ntsg.umt.edu/data/NTSG_Products/MOD17/
Defries, R.S. et al. ISLSCP II Continuous Fields of Vegetation Cover, 1992–1993 (ORNL DAAC, 2009); https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/931
Bodesheim, P., Jung, M., Gans, F., Mahecha, M. D. & Reichstein, M. Upscaled diurnal cycles of land–atmosphere fluxes: a new global half-hourly data product. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 10, 1327–1365 (2018).
Šímová, I. & Storch, D. The enigma of terrestrial primary productivity: measurements, models, scales and the diversity–productivity relationship. Ecography 40, 239–252 (2017).
Bontemps, S. et al. Consistent global land cover maps for climate modelling communities: current achievements of The ESA Land Cover CCI. In Proc. ESA Living Planet Symposium 2013 (ESA, 2013).
Bliege Bird, R. & Bird, D. W. Why women hunt—risk and contemporary foraging in a western desert aboriginal community. Curr. Anthropol. 49, 655–693 (2008).
Bliege Bird, R., Codding, B. F. & Bird, D. W. What explains differences in men’s and women’s production? Hum. Nat. 20, 105–129 (2009).
Reyes-García, V., Díaz-Reviriego, I., Duda, R., Fernández-Llamazares, Á. & Gallois, S. ‘Hunting otherwise’—women’s hunting in two contemporary forager-horticulturalist societies. Hum. Nat. 31, 203–221 (2020).
Krinner, G. et al. A dynamic global vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 19, GB1015 (2005).
Hamilton, M. J., Lobo, J., Rupley, E., Youn, H. & West, G. B. The ecological and evolutionary energetics of hunter‐gatherer residential mobility. Evol. Anthropol. 25, 124–132 (2016).
Abrams, P. A. & Ginzburg, L. R. The nature of predation: prey dependent, ratio dependent or neither? Trends Ecol. Evol. 15, 337–341 (2000).
Winterhalder, B., Baillargeon, W., Cappelletto, F., Randolph Daniel, I. & Prescott, C. The population ecology of hunter-gatherers and their prey. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 7, 289–328 (1988).
Illius, A. W. & O’Connor, T. G. Resource heterogeneity and ungulate population dynamics. Oikos 89, 283–294 (2000).
Golley, F. B. Energy values of ecological materials. Ecology 42, 581–584 (1961).
Herbers, J. M. Time resources and laziness in animals. Oecologia 49, 252–262 (1981).
Raichlen, D. A. et al. Sitting, squatting, and the evolutionary biology of human inactivity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1911868117 (2020).
Abrams, H., Jr. in Food and Evolution (eds Harris, M. & Ross, E.) 207–223 (Temple Univ. Press, 1987).
Hanya, G. & Aiba, S. Fruit fall in tropical and temperate forests: implications for frugivore diversity. Ecol. Res. 25, 1081–1090 (2010).
Gherardi, L. A. & Sala, O. E. Global patterns and climatic controls of belowground net carbon fixation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006715117 (2020).
van Zonneveld, M. et al. Human diets drive range expansion of megafauna-dispersed fruit species. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 3326–3331 (2018).
Max R., Hannah R. & Esteban Ortiz-Ospina World Population Growth (GCDL, 2020); https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth
Pontzer, H. et al. Metabolic acceleration and the evolution of human brain size and life history. Nature 533, 390 (2016).
Viovy, N. CRUNCEP Version 7—Atmospheric Forcing Data for the Community Land Model (Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory, 2018); https://doi.org/10.5065/PZ8F-F017
Sobol, I. Global sensitivity indices for nonlinear mathematical models and their Monte Carlo estimates. Math. Comput. Simul. 55, 271–280 (2001).
More Stories
How to Make Natural Sciences Exciting and Accessible
Natural Sciences: How to Inspire a Love for Science
How Natural Sciences Shape Our Understanding of the World